Module 1: What is Music Therapy?

To learn more about music therapy and

the Institute for Music and Neurologic Function go to  Institute for Music and Neurologic Function - Mount Vernon, NY - Home (imnf.org)

Overview of the IMNF IMNF Overview 2019 - YouTube

Does Music Therapy Work? Does Music Therapy Work? - YouTube

m4d Radio. A group of 5 themed radio stations available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year playing music that evokes memories. – streaming radio Home - M4D Radio

To learn more about the Sound Health Initiative - Sound Health | Kennedy Center (kennedy-center.org)



Module 2: An Introduction to Music Interventions: The Therapeutic Drumming Circle

View full video : Rhythmic Activities for Everyday Care

To view a “Welcome” sequence from an IMNF therapeutic drumming circle for people with dementia and their caregivers see segment at 3:10

To view a later sequence from the IMNF therapeutic drumming circle for people with dementia and their caregivers, see segment at 13:30

In this video, you see caregiver and patient interaction during the “wind down” of a therapeutic drumming circle. The participants have turned in their instruments, and are preparing to go forward to the next part of their day -  see segment at 20:39

How to Lead a Therapeutic Drumming Circle – Tips and Techniques (coming soon)

Downloadable evaluation and feedback form HANDOUT (coming soon)

To access sample downloadable evaluation forms for therapeutic drumming circles and other therapeutic rhythm-based activities that may be offered to your patient population (coming soon)

Book Text Correction: P. 56 The first full paragraph on this page should read: “For people who are sound-sensitive, including those with dementia who may become overly aroused by loud drum sounds, a softer and more therapeutic drum sound may be achieved with a REMO drumhead using Comfort Sound Drum Technology®.

Module 3: Getting Started: Bringing Music Therapy Best Practices to Your Organization

Qualifications of a music therapist and info on recruitment of music therapists go to:

American Music Therapy Association American Music Therapy Association | American Music Therapy Association (AMTA)

Certification Board For Music Therapists Certification Board for Music Therapists (cbmt.org)

To observe an “Orpheus Reflections” group in action visit: Orpheus Reflections | Orpheus Chamber Orchestra (orpheusnyc.org)

Book Text Correction: p. 100 In the feature point, the fourth sentence should read: “Detailed guidance on dealing with unexpected negative responses is provided on page 143; guidance to this effect, adapted to your needs, should be provided to musician volunteers.”

Module 4: Music for Mental Health and Wellness

Basic structure of a music-based group for social wellness (coming soon)

The Welcome piece: a musical motif or group “theme song” is used to signal that the group is about to begin. For examples of “Hello” songs for Wellness groups visit: (coming soon)

Some Music Basics

Choosing a song:

Popular songs by age group (coming soon)

Songs representing diverse ethnic groups in the US (coming soon)

A standard Blues Progression for individual or group songwriting: Slow Blues Backing Track In E - YouTube

For more Fill-in-the-Blank Songwriting ideas see: Word Substitution Songwriting | Music Therapy Activities Wiki | Fandom

Who is Depressed? Answers are summarized into scores that indicate no-or-minimal symptoms, or mild, moderate or severe symptom of depression. Access the Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale ( PHQ-8) at SMRC - English_-_PHQ-8.pdf (selfmanagementresource.com)

Music and Dance based exercises prescribed for people with movement disorders may also be therapeutic for people with depressive symptoms and other emotional issues. Review this video as example: Homepage - Dance for PD (danceforparkinsons.org)

Making Music for Mental Health - YouTube

Book Text Corrections: P. 105 In the ABOUT YOU feature, the copyright citation for the Loneliness Scale should read “(Loneliness Scale © Dr. Daniel Russell, used with permission of AARP)”. P. 112 For an updated and enlarged image of Figure 1, Music-based interventions, [click here] P. 156 The name Verghese was misspelled. It should read: "To date, one major study of the effects of leisure activities on the risk of dementia in older people found that dancing was the only activity associated with lower risk of dementia (Verghese, et. al., 2003)."

Module 5 Music for People Living with Dementia & Module 6:Music for Everyday Care of People with Dementia, and Others

If you want to learn more about types of dementia, you can use the same reference that physicians use, the DSM-5-TR Neurocognitive Disorders Supplement – October 2022 available here: DSM-5-TR Neurocognitive Disorders Supplement - October 2022 (psychiatryonline.org)

Choosing Familiar Songs:

1. Song lists for different age groups have been developed by Music Therapists to help you identify songs that are likely familiar and meaningful to your patients. ( same as Module 4)
2. Song lists for people of different cultures and ethnic backgrounds in the US have been compiled by Music Therapists to help you meet the needs of your patients. 

NOTE: These are the same song lists that appear in Mental Health and Wellness module. 

FEATURE: Henry, Alive Inside

Watch “Alive Inside” at Alive Inside: A Story of Music and Memory [2014] Documentary - YouTube

Link to VIDEO Alive Inside, rough cut excerpt 2, 

Old Man In Nursing Home Reacts To Hearing Music From His Era - YouTube

Music & Memory Music Assessment Questionnaire 

Downloadable HANDOUT (coming soon)

Music & Memory also provides guidance for song selection for non-verbal participants in a playlist program (See “How to be a Music Detective”) at https://musicandmemory.org/2015/04/10/how-to-be-a-music-detective/

Music for physical and motor issues – end of section 

Institute a Circle Dance; begin by moving shoulders to a beat; ask one person to show a dance move; and have the group follow and go around a circle, so that all group members can demonstrate a move, as seen in this video (coming soon)

In Choruses for people with dementia and their caregivers 

Those who are interested in joining or starting a dementia chorus or choir can find robust online information, tools, and resources; to explore the possibilities, visit "Unforgettable" Chorus Group Reveals Impact of Song on People with Dementia | MetroFocus - YouTube

by searching for “dementia choirs.”  For information on (See, for example, https://singing.luminatescotland.org/ or https://givingvoicechorus.org/).

Book Text Corrections: P. 163  The credit line for Figure 3 should read: “Figure 3: Seven stages of dementia (used with permission of Dr. Barry Reisberg 2023)”.  For an enlarged version of this figure [click here]. P. 171  In the first feature point, the last two sentence should read, “Others will need to be awakened, and encouraged. It helps to call out individuals by name (“Hey, Esther, you’re singing …Come on José, help me out!”). P 187 The reference to a Downloadable handout is misplaced; there is no handout associated with this page. P. 185 For an enlarged image of Figure 4, Music on the mind, [click here].

Module 7: Music Therapy and Movement Rehabilitation

Digital Music Technology – The Musically -enhanced treadmill

To observe a person with Parkinson’s receiving from Biodex Music Assisted Gait Training visit Biodex Music-Assisted Gait Training and Parkinson’s: Body in Balance - YouTube

Below is a video that shows Biodex Music Gait Training with William, an 81 year-old person living with Parkinsons’s disease: Biodex Music-Assisted Gait Training and Parkinson’s: Wartburg Outpatient Care - YouTube

Music patterns as cues for movement – Why it works – the ascending pattern cues upward movement, and the descending pattern cues downward movement. For examples of ascending and descending scales, visit C Major scale - YouTube

Music for Visual Neglect

To watch a music therapy intervention for visual neglect, VIDEO A music therapy intervention for visual neglect is presented in this video by Brian Harris, MA, NMT/F (Neurologic Music Therapy Fellow). Mr. Harris is Co-Founder and CEO of MedRhythms, Inc., a digital therapeutics company that aims to improve function in people with neurological injuries and diseases. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cek7bwtgYzo

Dancing with Parkinson’s – Pamela’s story PD Movement Lab by Pam Quinn (USA) - YouTube

Visit the PD Movement Lab at https://pdmovementlab.com/

Module 8: Music Therapy and Speech Rehabilitation

Lead in to Music Therapy for Aphasia: Why it works (when it works)

We begin with a discussion of Music Therapy for Aphasia, with an introduction by Oliver Sacks, MD., at Oliver Sacks: Aphasia & Music Therapy - YouTube

Rhythmic cueing (under Melodic Intonation Therapy)

For rhythmic exercises, the Music Therapist may use song-lyric phrases, everyday conversational phrases, or phrases that are related to the immediate situation. Rhythmic cues may include slow steady beats that are gauged to the patient’s speech tempo, and rhythms that are keyed to song lyrics or spoken phrases. To observe how rhythmic cueing is used in music therapy for expressive aphasia, visit (coming soon)

“This Little Light of Mine” – Gabby Giffords 

Watch Gabby Giffords as she finds her voice through music therapy at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiJ9X_wLSWM

2022 documentary, “Gabby Giffords Won’t Back Down” https://www.gabbygiffordswontbackdown.com/

Book text correction: P. 243  In paragraph 4, the first sentenced should read “The term expressive aphasia recognizes that the disorder affects expression or production of speech (as opposed to the ability to receive speech). 

Technology and Virtual Programming: Expanding Access to Music Therapy and Music Programming

This Module is supported by an ONLINE TECHNOLOGY RESOURCE GUIDE

INDEX: Music Has Power® in Senior Wellness and Healthcare: Best Practices from Music Therapy (Tomaino)

AARP 105

Abbott, E. 124 -5

Access to music therapy and music programming

through technology 261–5 through caregiver training 266-8

adaptive musical instruments 232–5, 236–7

agitation; reducing agitation 81, 206–10, 213

for people with dementia 206-09 for caregivers 209 -10

Alzheimer’s Association 84

Alzheimer’s disease, 160–1, See dementia

Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Quality of Life instrument (ADRQL) 30 Alzheimer’s Foundation of America 267

American Association for Music Therapy (AAMT) 11 American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) 11, 29, 89 American Psychiatric Association (APA)

137, 160

amputation 225-7, 233-6,

262

antipsychotic medication, reduced use as outcome of music therapy 81–2

aphasia

description of 240

brain plasticity and 242-3,

expressive aphasia 243–6, 248– 50 (Also called Broca’s aphasia and non-fluent aphasia)

melodic intonation therapy 246

music therapy for 241–6

musically assisted speech 245–6

music-based groups for 248-249

speech therapy for 244 Gabby Giffords 247

Wernicke’s area, and fluent aphasia 250-251

“Arts in health” programs 60, 75

assessments

for outcomes of music therapy 30 for personalized playlists 174–5

Awakenings (Sacks) 12, 19

Baker, Felicity 269

Bamford, S. 82, 190, 197, 204, 212

behavior in caregiving situations, goals for 36

Bennett, Tony 59

best practices in music therapy author's goals in this book 77- 5

training in 92-6

Beth Abraham (Beth Abraham Health Services) 12-15, 17-18, 20

Blood, A.J. 133

blues progression 123

Bonadies, V. 79

Bowell, S. 82, 190, 197, 204, 212

brain function

and dementia 184–6

and speech 239–40, 242–3, 250–1 brain plasticity, and aphasia 243

Brancatisano, O. 47

Broca’s aphasia, see expressive aphasia Bruscia, K.E. 91

Cabedo-Mas, A. 256

Cacioppo, J.T. 87, 105 caregivers

benefits of therapeutic drumming 49–50 and dementia 190–2, 194–5, 206–13 music for caregiving 198–201

music in caregiving over the life span 192–4

music interventions by caregivers, importance of 190–8

and music technology 259–60, 266, 268

singing 201–6

and speech rehabilitation 249–50

staff partnerships and relationships, in best practice 79–81, 82

Campbell, Glen 58, 186

CaringKind 211

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 59, 135, 136, 226 Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs), multiple references: see Caregivers champions for music therapy 65, 66–9

Chang, E. 212

choosing a music therapist 88–9 chorus groups 183–4

Clair, A.A. 141, 157, 212

Clemons, C.N. 69, 135, 136

cognitive skills

as goal of music therapy 36 music for dementia 176–8

commitment to music therapy best practices (institutional buy-in) 77–8

communication

skills as goal of music therapy 36–7 and person-centered care 70

and therapeutic drumming 45–7 (See also nonverbal communication)

composing music 34–5, 265–6

cost benefits 86–7

cost-effectiveness 82–6 Covid-19 lockdown

caregivers during 198

and loneliness 107

and mental health 131–2

music engagement during 255– takeaways from 258

virtual music programs during 257–8, 264–5

creative aging model and programs 19, 73–5, 80,

153,155, 184

Creative Aging and Lifetime Learning initiative at Wartburg 7, 19, 73

creative arts therapies 74 Creech, A. 259

cueing activities 178–9, 247–8 definitions of music therapy 27–32

dementia

and Alzheimer’s disease 160–1 and brain function 184–6

and caregivers 190–2, 194–5, 206–13 chorus groups for 183–4

cueing activity 178–9

description of 160–1

familiar songs for 154-70, 184-7 live music in day room 170–2 and music-based groups 166–7 music for alertness and attention

music for agitation reduction 206–10, 213 music to enhance cognition 176–8

music for meal times 212

music for pain and physical distress 210–12 music for physical and motor issues 180–2 music for relaxation 176

music for sleep 212–13

music for social and emotional needs of 164–70 personalized playlists for 172–6, 207–9, 211–12 risks of music therapy 39

stages of 162–3

therapeutic drumming circles for 182 types of 161–2

Dementia Reimagined (Powell) 159

depression and depression symptoms 135–41

prevalence of 136 music-based groups and interventions for 140-1 movement and dance activities for 144-46

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 160 Dialogues Across Disciplines symposium 17

DSM-5-TR Neurocognitive Disorders Supplement 161 dysarthria 251–3

Earhart, G.M. 223

electronic musical instruments 235–6 emotions

connections to music 130–1, 133, 141–2 dealing with unexpected 142–3

during Covid-19 lockdown 131–2 emotional skills as goal of music therapy 37–8

“musical chills” 133

music as trigger to powerful emotions, including negative emotions (see risks of music therapy) 39–40

engaging a music therapist 87–8

exercise, music based 33 (see also dance)

to reduce depression symptoms, 144-7

for well seniors, 155-8

in dementia care, 180, 195,

199

and therapeutic dance, for Parkinson’s disease, 222,

for stroke and brain injuries, 228

expressive aphasia 243–6, 248–50 (Also called Broca’s aphasia, and non- fluent aphasia)

Faculty of Public Health 109

Family caregivers, multiple references: See Caregivers

familiar songs

and brain science 184-6

for dementia 164–70, 184–7 for speech rehabilitation 244–5 in music-based groups 118- 120

Fink, L.K. 256

Fleming, Paul 14

Fluent aphasia 250 -1 Fogarty, L. J. 123-4 Foster, B. 63, 269 Friedman, Richard A. 144

Frontal temporal dementia 39

Gait training 218, 220-222, 225, 228,

Garrido, S. 208

Gentner, David 18–19, 65, 66, 70, 71, 162, 190, 212

Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) 30 Giffords, Gabby 247

goals of music therapy

behavior in caregiving situations 36 cognitive skills 36

communication skills 36–7

emotional skills 37–8

musical skills 38

sensory-motor skills 35–6

pain control 36

relaxation 36

social skills 37

Gupta, S. 156

Hackney, M.E. 223

Hammar, L.M. 50, 204

Hanc, J. 106

Hart, Mickey 15, 43, 107, 197

Hawkley, L.C. 87, 105 health

descriptions and definitions of 107–9 images of 109–12

music-based groups for 112–15, 143–8 in senior care settings 109

“Henry” and Alive Inside documentary 173 Hesser, B. 11, 277

Hole, J. 86

Home Health Workers (HHWs), multiple references, See Caregivers

Improvisation (musical improvisation) 148-153 in music-based groups 116

in therapeutic drumming, 53

vocal improvisation in fluent aphasia, 251

Institute for Music and Neurologic Function (IMNF) 81, 189, 191 creation of 17

and dementia 182

expansion of 17–18

as music therapy provider 64

and therapeutic drumming 45, 50–2, 182

timeline 20–2

training from 89

at Wartburg 18–20

International Association for Music and Medicine 207 interrupting expectations activity 179–80

Jarvis, D.F. 171

Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 40 Koenig, Joan 149

Kolanowski, A. 71

KPMG 84

Kraus, Nina 130

Kroenke, K. 135

Ladányi, E. 47

Language and language disorders 240–1 see also

speech rehabilitation, brain plasticity Levitin, D 271

Lin, Yu 207

listening to music 33, 113

Loewy, J. 213 loneliness

effects of on health 103–4 measuring 105

risk to seniors 104–5 Response item (“About You”) 105

Lucas, Addison 123–4

Luria, A.R. 13

lyric alteration 123

M4d Radio 34

MacDonald, R.A.R. 47, 140

Magee, Wendy 17, 262–3

Magsamen, S. 271

making music together 32, 112–13

Man with a Shattered World, The (Luria)

Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, The (Sacks) 15 Mas-Herrero, E. 132

McLennan, H. 82

Meadows, G. 82

meal times, music for 212

“Meet Me at MOMA” program 183 melodic intonation therapy 246 mental health

depression and depression symptoms 135–41 descriptions of 108

music-based groups for 112–15, 129–30, 138-41 exercise activities for 144-47

Mittleman, Mary 183

mood management 140 Response item (“About You”) 141

movement

adaptive musical instruments for 232–5, 236–7

case studies 215–16, 223–4, 236–7 connection to music 218–19

electronic musical instruments for 235–6 in music interventions 33, 113

and Parkinson’s disease 219–25 and rhythm 217–18

and social skills 125–6 and stroke 226–32, 238 for depression symptoms 144- 147

Murthy, V.H. 104, 106, 127

music-based groups

basic description of 113-15

` basic structure 116 choosing songs for 118–20 closure for sessions 126 and dementia 166–7

engaging with group members 126–7 engaging with music in 120–3 focused on depression

symptoms 139 -41, 144-47 group discussion in 127–8 group goals 117–18

materials for 115

for mental health and emotional wellness 129-131 model for social wellness 116–30

movement activities 125–6 music interventions in 112–13 “music part” in 128–9

other music-based activities in 123–5 rhythmic activities in 121–3

in senior care settings 134–42 size of 115

space for 115

for speech rehabilitation 248–9 time requirements for 114–15 welcome piece in 116–17

for well seniors 153–8

"Music Care” training program 63

Music & Memory 173–5, 264, 266 Music Mends Minds 267

music-rich environments 71–3 music technology

access through 261–5

and caregivers 259–60, 266, 268 composing music with 265–6 future of 269–70

music therapy perspective on 260–1 training programs for 267–8

virtual music programs 264–5 music therapists

engaging a music therapist 87–89 qualifications of 89

recruiting 90–2

as consultants 88

as trainers 92–6 music therapy

author’s journey into 9–15

in healthcare, author’s perspective on current challenges, 58-61

awareness of, in senior care, 63–4 definitions of 27–32

goals of 35–8

and music technology 260–1 Oliver Sacks on 16 Response item on (“About You”) 23–6

risks of 38–40

senior care benefits from 28–32

“Musical chills” 133 musical improvisation, see improvisation

musical instruments

adaptive 232–5, 236–7

electronic 235–6

for movement 232–7

for therapeutic drumming 56–7

musical skills, as goal of music therapy 38 musically assisted speech 245–6

musician volunteers in therapeutic music programs, 96-100 contributions of 34, 97-8, 170-1

training and guidelines for 98-9

Nagler, J. 234

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine 104 National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) 40

National Institute of Aging of the NIH 74, 158 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 40, 158 National Organization for Arts in Health 74–5 National Wellness Institute 108

Northern Westchester Hospital 60 NeuroArts Blueprint 84

non-fluent aphasia, see expressive aphasia

nonverbal communication

skills, as goal of music therapy 36

music as a form of nonverbal communication 45-7 therapeutic drum circles and45-47in caregiving 70 in reaching people with depression symptoms137 in caregiver singing 201-3

in speech rehabilitation 246

as nonverbal cues, from group leaders 138-9 Norton, A. 246

orchestras in senior healthcare 100–1

Orpheus Chamber Orchestra 101 outcomes from best practice 81–2

PACE program 85–6

pain control 36 210–12, 231–2

Parkinson’s disease 219–25, 269

gait training and other therapies based on rhythmic cueing 219-23 therapeutic dance 222-4

Parsons, Larry 17

Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8) 135 Paul, S. 233, 234

person-centered care 69–71, 195

personalized playlists in dementia care, 172–6, 207–9, 211–12

as used by seniors, caregivers, others 70, 93, 142,

Phoenix Symphony Orchestra 101 physical and motor issues, music for 180–2 piezo triggers 235–6

plan implementation for music therapy best practices 77–81 Powell, Tia 159

Pribram, Karl 17

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) 29,134,187, 256 qualifications for music therapists 8

Ramsey, David 17, 233, 234 recruiting a music therapist 90–2 relaxation

as goal of music therapy 36 music for dementia 176

Reisberg, B. 163

Reynolds, G. 144 rhythm

fundamental importance of (“Rhythm is Us”)

196-7

 rhythm instruments, examples, 56

Sacks on rhythmicity and healing 217

rhythmic interventions and activities

definition and examples 196

in everyday care 197

and dementia care 198-213 and movement 217–18

and speech rehabilitation 247–8

and therapeutic drumming circles 43 rhythmic accompaniment, as group activity 121-2

risks of music therapy 38–40 Rogers, Alice 14

Ross, I, 271

Russell, Daniel 105

Sachs, Matthew E. 133

Sacks, Oliver 12–14, 15, 16–17, 164, 217

Sample, I. 133

Schlaug, Gottfried 17, 246

Sengupta, M. 59

sensory-motor skills, goals for 35–6 Simon, Judy 67–9

singing

by caregivers 201–6

in dementia choruses 183–4 in rehabilitation 230 -

and stroke 230–2

“singing through pain” 231-2

sleep, music for 212–13 social activities 47–8

social prescribing 106 social skills, goals for 36 social wellness 116–30

Solomon, A. 144

songwriting 34–5

sound-friendly environment 75

sounds as triggers for memories and emotions, 130 spatial neglect, music therapy for 238

Sound Health Initiative 40, 75 speech rehabilitation

and aphasia 240, 241–6, 248–51

and brain function/brain plasticity 239–40,

242–3, 250–1

breathing exercises for 248 and caregivers 249–50

cueing in 247–8

and dysarthria 251–3 and Gabby Giffords 247 language disorders 240

music-based groups for 248–9 oral motor exercises for 248 and rhythm 247–8

and Wernicke’s area 250–1 stroke 226–32, 238

music patterns as cues for movement 228-230 music making and singing,230

adaptive musical instruments 232-7

Taladrid, S. 107

TBI. See traumatic brain injury Terlizzi, E.P. 135

Thaut, Michael 17, 227 therapeutic drumming circles

caregiver benefits 49–50

for dementia 182

duration of 55

evaluation of 57–8

IMNF project 50–2

inclusivity of 44–5

instruments for 56–7 as music therapy 43–4

non-specialist leading 48–9

and nonverbal communication 45–7 participant role in 55–6

as rhythmic activity 43 session model 41–3

as social activity 47–8 steps to setting up 52–3

tips and techniques for 54–5

therapeutic recreation, partnering with 79; see also, 59, 88. 95.180

Together: The Healing Power of Human Connection in a Sometimes Lonely World (Murthy) 104 Tomaino, C. 45, 50, 252

training programs

in best practices from music therapy 92–6 formal trainings and certifications. 267

online training experiences and apps, 267-8 through collaborations with technology 268

Tramo, Mark 17

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), 25, 114, 161, 219, 225,

228, 230, 233-4, 236, 240-2, 244-5, 247-50, 262

Truschel, J. 137

UCLA Loneliness Scale 105

Vaillant, G.E. 155

Verghese, J. 156

Villarroel, M.A. 135

virtual music programs 257–8, 264–5 visual neglect, music therapy for, 238 volunteers, see musician volunteers

wellness

descriptions of 108

images of 109–12

goals for seniors and others, 154-6

music-based groups for 112–15, 129–30, 153–8 in senior care settings 109

Wernicke’s area 250–1

Wilcox, D 221

Wilkens, J. 252

Wolf, L. 100

Wolf, T. 100

World Health Organization (WHO) 107–8, 115

Zatorre, Robert 17, 133

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